Describe how severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spreads.

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Biology homework help

22.4 How do diseases spread?

  • Context: Some unicellular organisms cause disease in ecological systems.
  • Major themes: All cells come from preexisting cells, cells maintain internal environments that differ from their external environments, cell structure defines cell function, and cells communicate with other cells.
  • Bottom line: Unicellular organisms that cause disease can spread rapidly in a susceptible population of animals, leading to an outbreak.
Biology Learning Objectives

  • Describe how severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) spreads.
  • Explain how disease outbreaks occur in ecological systems.

There are many species interactions in ecological systems. In parasite-host interactions, populations of animals or plants may be susceptible to newly-introduced disease-causing organisms. The pathogen may be a unicellular organism, such as Giardia or a bacterium. You already know how some parasites that cause disease (such as, Giardia and B. burgdorferi, which causes Lyme disease) affect individuals and populations. {Connections: Lyme disease is discussed in Section 22.2.} In this section, you will learn how a newly introduced pathogen spreads among the individuals in a population.

Figure 22.18 The SARS coronavirus, showing the single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and four structural proteins: spike, which forms the corona; envelope; matrix; and nucleocapsid. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coronaviruses_004_lores.jpg. Content Providers(s): CDC/Dr. Fred Murphy. This media comes from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Public Health Image Library (PHIL), with identification number #4814. Public domain.

Occasionally, new diseases emerge in a population. In late 2002, a farmer in Guangdong Province, in southern China, was treated for pneumonia with flu-like symptoms. The patient died, but no definitive diagnosis was made on the cause of death. By early 2003, many more cases were observed. The illness usually began with high fever and mild respiratory symptoms, but progressed to pneumonia in a few days. The disease was named severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Because of the outbreak and severity of the disease, scientists quickly went to work to discover the causative agent of SARS, which turned out to be a coronavirus (Figure 22.18). Coronaviruses are enveloped by spherical spike proteins with surface projections that form a corona around the virus and a ssRNAcontaining (in the case of the SARS coronavirus) 13 genes that code for 14 proteins.

Figure 22.19 SARS outbreaks in Guangdong Province, China between November 2002 and February 2003. Each bar occurs at the onset of the outbreak for each city. The blue map shows China, with Guangdong Province in dark blue. Numbers in parentheses indicate cases in affected cities. Data from Zhong et al., 2003, Figure 1; original graph.

Y. Guan and his colleagues studied the epidemiology of the first outbreaks in Guangdong Province by gathering data from clinical records of patients admitted to hospitals with a diagnosis of atypical pneumonia, meaning that it was not caused by the bacteria Streptococcus pneumonia. In addition, the researchers used local health authority reports and doctors interviews to assess the spread of the disease (Figure 22.19).

The researchers defined a case as a patient running a high fever (> 38° C) with coughing or difficulty breathing who was either in close contact with a person suspected of having SARS or lived or traveled in an area known to have recent local transmission of SARS. Any patients that died from an unexplained acute respiratory illness who had come in close contact or traveled in an area known to have SARS cases were defined as a suspected case. Out of 305 cases during this early outbreak, 105 of the patients were healthcare workers. Patients suffering complications were sometimes brought from rural outlying cities to Guangzhou for better medical care. Many of these initial patients were known to be related to one another. One SARS patient, admitted on December 17, 2002, was a chef who worked at a restaurant in Shenzhen. This chef came into regular contact with live caged animals used as exotic game food. He was the second confirmed case of SARS.

 
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learning situation

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learning situation

How do you learn best? What types of resources and support would you need to make the learning process effective? The purpose of describing your ideal learning situation is to apply learning theory, evaluate the role of motivation, and be able to differentiate which components can be applied in a broader context.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:

  • Competency 1: Evaluate the strengths, limitations, and applications of the foundational learning theories.
    • Justify which learning theory best supports a personal learning situation.
    • Differentiate between the components of the learning situation that are specific to the individual and those that are more broadly applicable.
  • Competency 2: Evaluate the strengths, limitations, and applications of the learning sub-processes.
    • Apply learning theory terminology and concepts to describe a .learning situation
    • Evaluate the role of motivation in a learning situation.
  • Competency 3: Apply evidence based research in learning theories to guide decision making and problem solving.
    • Evaluate how effective this learning situation would be with the previous case study and broader population.
  • Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations for members of the psychological professions.
    • Write clearly and logically, with correct use of spelling, grammar, punctuation, and mechanics; format paper, citations, and references using APA style.

 

Preparation

If you could suspend reality and create a perfect learning method for yourself, what would that look like? What type of resources and support would you need to make the learning process effective for you? In this assessment, you will describe your ideal learning situation.

Instructions

Start by identifying a skill or concept that you always wanted to learn.

  • Which learning theory or theories best support how you would learn this topic?
  • Reflecting on your past learning experiences, how you learn best, and what motivates you, describe the perfect situation for you to learn about your selected topic by using concepts and terminology consistent with the learning theories this course has explored.
  • Compare this with the case study you chose for assessments 1 and 2.
    • Which components should be tailored to the specific learner?
    • Which components of your learning situation could be applied to a broader population?
    • Evaluate the effectiveness of your learning situation for the case study.
  • After applying your personal learning situation to the case study, think about how the same components might be applied to the broader population you may encounter in your specialized field of psychology, supporting your viewpoint with learning theories.

Make sure to include the following in your assessment:

  • Apply learning theory terminology and concepts to describe the learning situation.
  • Justify which learning theory best supports the personal learning situation.
  • Evaluate the role of motivation in this learning situation.
  • Evaluate how effective this learning situation would be with the previous case study and broader population.
  • Differentiate between the components of the learning situation that are specific to the individual and those are more broadly applicable.

Additional Requirements

  • Length: 6–8 pages (not counting your title page or references), double-spaced, 12-point font.
  • Number of references: Minimum of 10 references.
  • Article distinctions: There are three different types of articles. Research articles present original research, review articles discuss research already presented elsewhere, and survey articles are comprehensive review articles that discuss an entire field or area of research. References to books are acceptable, but they should be kept to a minimum—probably no more than five.
  • APA style: You must use proper APA style to cite and list your references. Refer to the Writing Center’s APA Style and Format guidelines (linked in the Suggested Resources) for more information.
  • Format: Use the following structure:
    • Cover page (your name, your specialization or program, title and course number, current quarter and year, and instructor’s name).
    • Abstract (optional).
    • Body, including headings and subheadings over the appropriate content.
    • Reference list.
    • Refer to the APA Style and Format guidelines for additional formatting information.
  • Style: Write in the third person as an impartial narrator. Avoid the use of I, we, or you. In particular, avoid phrases like “I think” in favor of phrases like “the evidence suggests” or “research indicates.” In science, personal opinion carries no weight unless supported by a combination of empirical research and statistical or logical-mathematical inference.
  • Other notes: Avoid long quoted passages from your source texts. Your writing should be a synthesis of your own ideas, in your own words—even if your ideas refer to the original ideas of others, in which case the references should be explicit. Graduate level writing should be scholarly and more than a mere summary. It should present a unique thesis or at least a significant point you are trying to make, adding appreciably to what is already known of your topic. Your point or thesis will stand or fall solely on its strength—that is, the quality and quantity of the evidence you present.
 
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Post an analysis of the supervisor’s role in the Phoenix House case study and identify leadership skills that might help the supervisor resolve the issue. 

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iscussion2 : External Factors Impacting an Organization

Last week, you explored how systems theory and the ecological perspective emphasize the interaction between a human services organization and its environment. Any change in one part of the system effects change in another part of the system. Because organizations are not immune to their environment, local, national, and global events affect them.
Social workers in administrative roles must be able to identify and analyze the external factors that affect the function of the human services organizations for which they work. Though you may apply leadership and management skills as you assume an administrative position, you may also be able to repurpose many of the assessment skills you use in clinical practice for macro social work. Just as you gather information about a client and develop strategies for treatment at a micro level, so too, at a macro level, you gather and analyze information about a situation or program and identify appropriate strategies that will support positive organizational functioning.
For this Discussion, you address the Phoenix House case study in the Social Work Case Studies: Concentration Year text.
· Post an analysis of the supervisor’s role in the Phoenix House case study and identify leadership skills that might help the supervisor resolve the issue. 
· Identify which aspect of this situation would be most challenging for you if you were the supervisor. 
· Finally, explain how you would use leadership skills to proceed if you were the supervisor.
References (use 3 or more)
sities Publishing [Vital Source e-reader].

 
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What to do when your client’s symptoms turn for the worst and your critical skills are needed. What to do when your client is unresponsive, diaphoretic , but is breathing and has a faint or thready pulse? Do you call rapid response or a code?

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What to do when your client’s symptoms turn for the worst and your critical skills are needed. What to do when your client is unresponsive, diaphoretic , but is breathing and has a faint or thready pulse? Do you call rapid response or a code?

 

The selected concept of interest is critical analysis of literature to better serve you clients, a concept is a stepping stone of theories that classify a concept of phenomena of an interest (Alligood, 2014). The concepts can be abstract or concrete. This concept was selected due to the interest that it elicits in me. What to do when your client’s symptoms turn for the worst and your critical skills are needed. What to do when your client is unresponsive, diaphoretic , but is breathing and has a faint or thready pulse? Do you call rapid response or a code? Do you start with their symptoms and check their blood sugar ? What to do when a client refuses to take a medication that is detrimental to their health? Critical thinking and analysis gives you the ability to do what’s best for the client. Critical analysis helps a researcher to analyze literature in an effort to understand the literature, gain new knowledge or identify knowledge gaps that exist in the topic of interest. I hope to gain new insight from the selected method of concept analysis, such as how the method is used to analyze literature, as well as how it can be applied in doing so. This correlates with the Theoretical and Operational concepts as well.

Also, I hope to gain new knowledge on the advantages of using this method of concept analysis over the other methods. This method of concept analysis is critical to the nursing profession in that it provides a method of critically appraising nursing articles and journals, which is a vital process in learning and research in nursing.

Answer this Topic 1: Clarifying Concept of Interest

Present an example of an abstract and concrete concept. Propose a theoretical and operational definition applied to the concept that you have chosen. Explain how these definitions relate to your current work experience as well as patient care and outcomes.

200 word minimum
Topic 2: Application to Research and Practice

Select a concept analysis from the assigned readings and explain how the findings apply to advanced nursing practice.

Journal

Please retrieve and read the following journal articles from the Kaplan University Library:

Bonis, S. A. (2009). Knowing in nursing: A concept analysis. Nursing, 65(6), 1328–1341.

Cronin, P., Ryan, F., & Coughlan, M. (2010). Concept analysis in healthcare research. International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 17(2), 62–68.

DiNapoli, P. P., Nelson, J., Turkel, M., & Watson, J. (2010). Measuring the caritas processes: Caring factor survey. International Journal for Human Caring, 14(3), 16–21.

Kelly, L., & Vincent, D. (2010).The dimensions of nursing surveillance: A concept analysis. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(3), 652–661.

Lin, L., Acquaye, A., Vera-Bolanos, E., Cahill, J., Gilbert, M., & Armstrong, T. (2012). Validation of the Mishel’s uncertainty in illness scale-brain tumor form (MUIS-BT). Journal of Neuro-Oncology, 110(2), 2923–300.

Tofthagen, R. (2010). Rodgers’ evolutionary concept analysis — a valid method for developing knowledge in nursing science. Scandinavian Journal of Caring

Sciences, 24, 21–31.

200 word minimum

Unit 4

Topic 1: Defining Nursing Metaparadigms

Using the concept you selected in Week 2 and looking at your selective readings, explain how the four metaparadigm concepts (person, health, nursing, and environment) relate to the concept of interest you chose in Unit 2.

Answer from week 2

The selected concept of interest is critical analysis of literature to better serve you clients, a concept is a stepping stone of theories that classify a concept of phenomena of an interest (Alligood, 2014). The concepts can be abstract or concrete. This concept was selected due to the interest that it elicits in me. What to do when your client’s symptoms turn for the worst and your critical skills are needed. What to do when your client is unresponsive, diaphoretic , but is breathing and has a faint or thready pulse? Do you call rapid response or a code? Do you start with their symptoms and check their blood sugar ? What to do when a client refuses to take a medication that is detrimental to their health? Critical thinking and analysis gives you the ability to do what’s best for the client. Critical analysis helps a researcher to analyze literature in an effort to understand the literature, gain new knowledge or identify knowledge gaps that exist in the topic of interest. I hope to gain new insight from the selected method of concept analysis, such as how the method is used to analyze literature, as well as how it can be applied in doing so. This correlates with the Theoretical and Operational concepts as well.

Also, I hope to gain new knowledge on the advantages of using this method of concept analysis over the other methods. This method of concept analysis is critical to the nursing profession in that it provides a method of critically appraising nursing articles and journals, which is a vital process in learning and research in nursing.

200 word minimum

Sources used

Nursing Theorists and Their Work 8th ed.

Author: Alligood, M. R.

ISBN: 978-0-323-09194-7

Publisher: Mosby Elsevier

eBook or Physical text: Physical

 

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The memory process paper

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The memory process paper

Question descriptionIndividual Assignment: The Memory Process Paper (100 points).

Due Week VI, Day 4

Locate and complete a memory test. Prepare a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you analyze the results of your memory test. You should have a minimum of three scholarly sources for this assignment.Scholarly sources are Peer Reviewed Journals: Dictionaries, Wikepedia, etc.  are not scholarly sources and will not count  towards the required number of references.

Avoid writing this from the first person, this is a research paper.

As a part of your analysis, you must address the following:

  • Explain the concepts of working memory, short-term memory, and long

term memory.

  • Describe your selected test and your results.
  • Explain the role of encoding and retrieval in the memory process and how

they relate to your selected test and your results.

  • Evaluate variables associated with encoding information and ease of retrieval as they relate to your selected test and your results.

Week VI: Memory Process Paper – Individual Assignment

Scoring Rubric (100 points)- PSYCH 550

Content

60 Points

 Points Earned Additional Comments:
All key elements of the assignment are covered in a substantive way.

Locate and complete a memory test. Prepare a 1,050- to 1,400-word paper in which you analyze the results of your memory test.

You should have a minimum of three scholarly sources for this assignment.  As a part of your analysis, you must address the following:

Explain the concepts of working memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

Describe your selected test and your results.

Explain the role of encoding and retrieval in the memory process and how they relate to your selected test and your results.

Evaluate variables associated with encoding information and ease of retrieval as  they relate to your selected test and your results.
The content is comprehensive, accurate, and /or persuasive.
The paper links theory to relevant examples of current experience and industry practice and uses the vocabulary of the theory correctly.
Major points are stated clearly and are supported by specific details, examples, or analysis.
Organization / Development

20 Points

 Points Earned Additional Comments:
The paper has a structure that is clear, logical, and easy to follow.
The paper develops a central theme or idea, directed toward the appropriate audience.
The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points.
The conclusion is logical, flows from the body of the paper, and reviews the major points.
Transitions between sentences/paragraphs/sections aid in maintaining the flow of thought.
The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment.
Mechanics

20 Points

 Points Earned Additional Comments:
The paper, including the title page, reference page, tables, and appendices follow APA guidelines for format.
Citations of original works within the body of the paper follow APA guidelines.
The paper is laid out with effective use of headings, font styles, and white space.
Rules of grammar, usage, and punctuation are followed.
Sentences are complete, clear, concise, and varied.
Spelling is correct.
Total

100 Points

 Points Earned Additional Comments:

 

Possible sources of memory tests are posted below,, you may use whatever you choose and do not need to choose from this list.

The list below is not exhaustive, it is simply offered to assist in searching for a memory test.

http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/

 
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 Is tool use solely a defining characteristic of humans?

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   Is tool use solely a defining characteristic of humans?.Defining characteristic of humans

Is tool use solely a defining characteristic of humans? Include in your response a consideration of what has been learned from the emerging field of “primate archaeology.” What is the difference between primate tool use and tool use in hominins and anatomically modern humans? Provide three concrete examples of tool use among primates and hominins to support your answer

 

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How might a tollgate system for a software development company differ from one used by an architectural firm specializing in the development of commercial office buildings?

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PROJECT SCREENING. ASSUME YOU ARE THE IT MANAGER FOR A LARGE URBAN HEALTH CARE S

Project screening. Assume you are the IT manager for a large urban health care system. Lately you have been bombarded with requests for new projects, including system upgrades, support services, automated record keeping, billing, and so forth. With an average of 50 software and hardware support projects going on at any time, you have decided that you must create a system for screening new project requests from the various departments within the health care system. Develop a project selection and screening system similar to GE’s Tollgate process. What elements would you include in such a system? How many steps would you recommend? At what points in the process should “gates” be installed? How might a tollgate system for a software development company differ from one used by an architectural firm specializing in the development of commercial office buildings?

 
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Identify other health care professionals to enlist as team members to help drive change in the organization.

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Overview
Develop a 4–6-page proposal for executive leadership that addresses changes you would like to see within your organization that would advance the field of nursing.
Nursing is in the midst of many changes. In this assessment you will consider how you can be a driving force to bring about needed change within the field of nursing.
By successfully completing this assessment, you will demonstrate your proficiency in the following course competencies and assessment criteria:
· Competency 1: Explain strategies for effective interprofessional teamwork and collaboration in health care delivery.
. Analyze barriers and resistance to change, and describe strategies to overcome these barriers and resistance to change from an organization, patients, or colleagues.
. Identify other health care professionals to enlist as members of an interprofessional team to drive change in an organization.
· Competency 2: Analyze the implications of working with interprofessional teams in multifaceted health care settings.
. Analyze how a problem impacts an organization, patients, or the nursing profession.
· Competency 3: Develop evidence-based nursing interventions to address specific problems and enable systemic change.
. Describe evidence-based solutions to a problem and develop a plan to implement these solutions.
· Competency 4: Communicate in a manner that is scholarly, professional, and consistent with expectations of a nursing professional.
. Write content clearly and logically, with correct use of grammar, punctuation, and mechanics. Use correct APA format.
Assessment Instructions
Preparation
To prepare for this assessment, you will need to think about changes you feel are needed to address a problem either within nursing as a professional field or within the organization where you work. Narrow down your options by considering which change would best be undertaken by an interprofessional team. Some examples for you to consider might include:
· The use of mobile and portable technology to support patients.
· Using evidence-based practice (EBP) to improve patient care.
· Increasing patient safety and quality of care.
· The use of medical technology such as genes and stem cells, or robots in the OR.
· Addressing the nursing shortage now and into the future.
· Improving the work environment (providing calm, supportive spaces for nurses; improved dialog between health care professionals).
· Better safety for nurses at work (violence, spreading diseases, physical injury).
· Substance abuse by health care professionals.
Or you can narrow the scope to an issue within your own organization:
· Developing a mobility program for an inpatient unit.
· Implementing “smart” technology to assist in patient monitoring.
· Creating a mentoring program to attract and retain nurses.
· Implementing protocols for infection control and/or treatment of an epidemic.
· Developing a plan to eliminate physical violence and verbal abuse in the workplace.
· Other.
Once you have selected an issue to address, look for scholarly and professional articles that focus on the problem, the needed change, and how interprofessional teams can work together to drive change.
Requirements
Lately you have noticed the need for changes within your organization that would advance the field of nursing. You have decided to develop a proposal and submit it to executive leadership. Format this assessment as a professional proposal. You may want to look at how proposals are drafted within your organization and follow that format. You will still need a references page; follow APA guidelines for in-text citations and references.
Address the following in your proposal:
· Briefly describe the problem and how it impacts the organization, patients, and/or the nursing profession.
· Describe possible evidence-based interventions for the problem.
· Analyze potential barriers and resistance to change that might come from the organization, patients, and/or colleagues.
· Describe strategies to overcome barriers and resistance to change.
· Develop a plan to implement evidence-based interventions. What steps would you take? What resources might you need?
· Identify other health care professionals to enlist as team members to help drive change in the organization.
Your completed assessment should be 4–6 pages in length, not including title page and references ppage. Suport your statements and intervention plan with references to and citations for at least four scholarly or professional resources.
Additional Requirements
· Include a title page and references page.
· Reference at least four current scholarly or professional resources.
· Use APA format for citations and references.
· Use Times New Roman font, 12 point.
· Double space.

 
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Correlation is not causation”

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1-“Correlation is not causation” is a statistics mantra according to theguardian.com. “Correlation is not causation” means that just because two things correlate does not necessarily mean that one causes the other. Example provided by the article is as followed: just because people in the UK tend to spend more int eh shops when it is cold and less when it is hot, does not mean cold weather causes frenzied high-street spending; a more plausible explanation would be that cold weather tends to coincide with Christmas and the New Year sales.
Reference
Correlation Is Not Causation | Nathan Green’s S Word |n.d.| Access Date August 21, 2018| from
Nathan Green – https://www.theguardian.com/science/blog/2012/jan/06/correlation-causation
Correlation Vs. Causation: An Example – Towards Data Science |n.d.| Access Date August 21, 2018| from
100001147717970 – https://towardsdatascience.com/correlation-vs-causation-a-real-world-example-9e939c85581e
Linear Correlation | Documentation| n.d.| Access Date August 21, 2018| from
https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/data_analysis/linear-correlation.html
2-sure we need more information about the study variables like the sample size, age of participants, health history, smoking history and related variables so in the conclusion you can reduce errors and bias, for example.
for your explanation. A correlation measures the degree of the relationship between the variables, while a casual relation means that one variable causes the other. However, a correlation between two variables does not implPost 3: In the graphic novel Maus, how does Art Spiegelman demonstrate “the depth and subtlety that we have come to expect of traditional novels and extended nonfictional texts”? (See the definition of graphic novel in this week’s Terms lecture.) Comment on Spiegelman’s success. Be sure to quote, cite, and reference from the text(s) using appropriate APA format. Your post must be at least 250 words.

 
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evaluation of your organization’s use of EBP and how it is furthered or hindered by organizational culture and policies.

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Discussion: Creating a Culture of Evidence-Based Practice
An abundance of evidence can be found on almost any medical issue or health topic. Often, the availability of information is not the concern, but rather nurses struggle with how to convey the evidence to others and change practices to better reflect the evidence. Deep-rooted organizational cultures and policies can make some resistant to change, even to changes that can vastly improve the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of health care. However, there are many strategies that nurses can employ to bring about changes to practice.
In this Discussion, you focus on how to create an organizational culture that supports evidence-based practice.
To prepare:

  • Review the information in this week’s Learning Resources. Examine the various suggestions for promoting an organizational culture that embraces the use of EBP.
  • Reflect on your own organization’s (or one in which you have worked) support of evidence-based practice. Examine how culture and policies impact the adoption of changes to practice based on evidence. What barriers exist?
  • Consider the models and suggestions for promoting evidence-based practice featured in this week’s Learning Resources. Identify models and suggestions that would work well in your organization.
  • Reflect on the significance of evidence-based practice in health care. What responsibility do nurses have to promote EBP and change practices to better reflect evidence and research findings?
  • Reflect on how nurses can disseminate findings from evidence-based practice research.

Post an evaluation of your organization’s use of EBP and how it is furthered or hindered by organizational culture and policies. Describe how you could disseminate the findings. Propose a strategy for strengthening the culture of EBP within the organization. Discuss a nurse’s responsibility to further the use of EBP, providing a rationale supported by specific information from the Learning Resources.

 
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