The human body is truly remarkable and is designed to function effectively. Organs are important structures composed of different tissues that facilitate specific functions within the body. Organs function as part of an integrated group of structures known as organ systems. These organ systems form the organizational units that are responsible for crucial processes necessary for sustaining life.

Examples of organ systems include but are not limited to the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, the musculoskeletal system, the nervous system, the excretory system, the endocrine system and the respiratory system. Even organ systems do not function alone. These systems work together, interacting with other organs in a functional network that keeps the body in balance. (Look up the term homeostasis in your text.) When homeostasis or the normal functioning of organ systems is disrupted, disease may develop causing injury to the body, or even death. In this assignment, you will explore organ systems, as well as associated diseases or malfunctions.

Assignment details:

Take a look at the following case studies that detail an outcome associated with a disease/organ malfunction. Select one study to investigate further for your assignment.

Critically evaluate the information provided and correlate it with the organ systems that are affected in the scenario. Use the information that you have gathered to answer the assignment questions that follow the case study. For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, the AIU Library, Web resources, and course materials.

Case Study 1:

Atherosclerosis is narrowing of arteries caused by the accumulation of fatty deposits on the arterial walls.

On June 22, 2002 the St. Louis Cardinals were preparing for their upcoming baseball game against the Chicago cubs. Concern arose when their prized pitcher, 33-year old Darryl Kile did not show up for practice. Soon after, he was found still in his hotel room where he had suddenly died in his sleep (New York Times, 2002). It was discovered that the cause of death was related to three of his coronary arteries being 80-90% blocked as a result of atherosclerosis (New York Times, 2002), which ultimately caused him to undergo a heart attack.

Answer the following assignment questions:

1. Why would atherosclerosis result in a heart attack? Provide a brief explanation based on how the heart functions.
2. How are arteries different from veins and capillaries? Describe the functions of both arteries and veins.
3. Vertebrates and some invertebrates have a closed circulatory system. Explain the advantage of having a closed circulatory system over an open circulatory system?
4. Briefly explain how the lymphatic system is associated with the circulatory system?
5. Describe one disease that affects the lymphatic vessels similarly to the way that atherosclerosis affects the arteries?

Case Study 2:

Cigarette smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, causing an estimated 438,000 deaths – or about 1 out of every 5 – each year (National Cancer Institute, 2008).

Mr. Amos is now 57 years old and has been smoking for the past 30 years of his life. A recent doctor’s visit reveals that Mr. Amos has stage 3 lung cancer, characterized by his symptoms of nagging chest pain, fatigue, coughing up blood, substantial weight loss, and increased carbon dioxide levels in his blood. The doctor informed Mr. Amos that had he quit his smoking habit several years ago, he would have reduced his risk for developing lung cancer later in life. Mr. Amos immediately begins treatment for the lung cancer that has metastasized to his lymph nodes.

Answer the following assignment questions:

1. What main components in cigarettes affect the respiratory system? Explain their effects on specific organs, cells and/or processes in the respiratory system.
2. There are alternate mechanisms of transporting carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2 ) in the blood. Explain how smoking might lead to increased levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.
3. Can smoking affect other organ systems of the body? Give specific examples and briefly explain your answer.
4. How can you correlate cellular respiration with the respiratory system?
5. Does smokeless tobacco present a reduced risk for lung cancer and other smoking associated diseases? Provide evidence for your answer.

Case Study 3:

Gigantism is abnormally large growth during childhood caused by excess growth hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.

Robert Wadlow, born on February 22, 1918, weighed a normal eight pounds, six ounces. However, by the time Robert reached the age of six months old, he weighed 30 pounds (Hamilton, 1993). Within only a year, his weight rose to 62 pounds, more than double the normal weight of a baby at 18 months. Aside from his weight, Robert continued to grow at an astounding rate, reaching six feet, two inches and 195 pounds by the time he was eight years old. Robert’s unique size was attributed to an over active pituitary gland, which produced much higher than normal levels of growth hormone. At the time of his death in July 1940 at the age of 22, Robert had reached a height of 8 feet 11.1 inches and weighed 485 pounds (Hamilton, 1993).

Answer the following assignment questions:

1. How does growth hormone regulate various body functions in adults, and what could cause the excess secretion of growth hormone?
2. Discuss the relationship between growth hormone and insulin, and are there complications associated with their interaction?
3. Why is gigantism usually more difficult to treat than dwarfism?
4. Give examples of two other hormones secreted by the pituitary, and briefly describe how they specifically affect other organ systems of the body?
5. Some athletes have resorted to the illegal use of anabolic steroids to increase strength and muscle size. How are anabolic steroids different from growth hormone? Briefly explain your answer.

References

Baseball: Coroner Verifies the Cause of Kile’s Death as Natural (2002, July 17). The New York Times. Retrieved: http://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/17/sports/baseball-coroner-verifies-the-cause-of-kile-s-death-as-natural.html?ref=darryl_kile

Hamilton, S. (1993) Looking back and up: At Robert Pershing Wadlow, the gentle giant. Illinois: Alton Museum of History and Art.

National Cancer Institute (2008). Tobacco Statistics Snapshot. Washington, DC. Retrieved from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/tobacco/statisticssnapshot#0_references

Provide references in APA format. This includes a reference list and in-text citations for references used throughout the assignment.

For assistance with your assignment, please use your text, the AIU Library, Web resources, and all course materials. Please refer to the following multimedia course material(s):

• Unit 4: The Endocrine System
• Unit 4: The Cardiovascular System

External Web links:

• Unit 4: Heart Anatomy & Circulatory Information
• Unit 4: Health-cares.net

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Please submit your assignment.

Financial Polynomials

Read the following instructions in order to complete this assignment and review the example of how to complete the math required for this assignment:

1. Solve problem 90 on page 304 of Elementary and Intermediate Algebra. Be sure that you show all steps of the squaring of the binomial and multiplication along with any simplification which might be required.
   
   
   • Evaluate the polynomial resulting from step 1 using:
     
     
     • P = $200 and r = 10%, and also with
       
       
     • P = $5670 and r = 3.5%
       
       
   • Complete problem 70 on page 311 of Elementary and Intermediate Algebra. Show all steps of the division.
     
     
2. Write a two- to three-page paper that is formatted in APA style and according to the Math Writing Guide. Format your math work as shown in the Instructor Guidance and be concise in your reasoning. In the body of your essay, please make sure to:
   
   
   • Demonstrate your solution to the above problems, making sure to include all mathematical work and a discussion of how and why this is applicable to your everyday life.
     
     
     • Use the underline feature with single spacing to set up the division(s), and use the “strikethrough” font to show the canceling factors. Can you think of another way this division could be approached and worked out? If yes, briefly describe the method.
       
       
   • Incorporate the following five math vocabulary words into your discussion. Use bold font to emphasize the words in your writing (Do not write definitions for the words; use them appropriately in sentences describing your math work.):
     
     
     • FOIL
       
       
     • Like terms
       
       
     • Descending order
       
       
     • Dividend
       
       
     • Divisor

Discussion Week 4

Read the following instructions in order to complete this discussion, and review the example of how to complete the math required for this assignment:

1. Think of something you want or need for which you currently do not have the funds. It could be a vehicle, boat, horse, jewelry, property, vacation, college fund, retirement money, or something else. Pick something which cost somewhere between $2000 and $50,000.
2. On page 270 of Elementary and Intermediate Algebra you will find the “Present Value Formula,” which computes how much money you need to start with now to achieve a desired monetary goal. Assume you will find an investment which promises somewhere between 5% and 10% interest on your money and you want to purchase your desired item in 12 years. (Remember that the higher the return, usually the riskier the investment, so think carefully before deciding on the interest rate.)
3. State the following in your discussion:
   • The desired item
   • How much it will cost in 12 years
   • The interest rate you have chosen to go with from part 2
4. Set up the formula and work the computational steps one by one, explaining how each step is worked, especially what the negative exponent means. Explain what the answer means.
5. Does this formula look familiar to any other formulas you are aware of? If so, which formula(s) and how is it similar?
6. Incorporate the following five math vocabulary words into your discussion. Use bold font to emphasize the words in your writing (Do not write definitions for the words; use them appropriately in sentences describing your math work.):
   • Power
   • Reciprocal
   • Negative exponent
   • Position
   • Rules of exponents

Your initial post should be 150-250 words in length. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts by Day 7. Do you agree with how they used the vocabulary? Do their answers make sense?

INSTRUCTOR GUIDANCE EXAMPLE: Week Four Discussion

Initial Investment

My best friend and her new husband (Fred and Ethel) just got back from their honeymoon which was a trip down the River Nile in Egypt. They are excited about traveling together as a couple and they want to start saving for a very special trip. My own 25

th wedding anniversary falls in the same month as Fred and Ethel’s 12th anniversary and they thought it would be fun to plan a trip together. They have done a little research enough to realize we will need about $8,000 per couple set aside for this trip. Fred also found an investment opportunity which promises to have an average return of about 9% per year if one invests long term. We need to know how much each couple needs to invest now to reach their goal in time.

The desired item is travel.

The cost in 12 years will be about $8,000.

The average interest rate of the investment is 9%.

The Present Value Formula is P = A(1 + r)

-n where P is the present value that will amount to A dollars in n years at interest rate r compounded annually.

Notice that the quantity raised to a

power has the negative exponent of –n. According to the rules of exponents, this means that once the negative is put into effect, the base quantity will change position by dropping down into the denominator where it will be raised to the power of n. Then it will divide A instead of multiplying A as it seems to be doing now.

P = A(1 + r)

-n

P = 8000(1 + .09)

-12 Here are the relevant numbers are plugged into the formula

P = 8000(1.09)

-12 Add inside the parenthesis

P = 8000 The

negative exponent creates the reciprocal of the base number

(1.09)

12 (in other words, changes its position from up top to down below)

P = 8000 The exponent is applied to the base number

2.81266…

P = 2844.28 This is the value of P using the formula.

Given these results and knowing the interest rate may not stay exactly at 9% we will begin our investment with $3000 right now to begin to save for our big twenty-fifth (and twelfth) anniversary trip. This should give us a little cushion for inflation and such

Lab for Week 5.

Answer the following questions. EACH answer will be a minimum of 100 words with 1 reference. Format to distinguish what answer goes with which question.

1. Identify and define three ethical frameworks discussed by Halbert & Ingulli. Provide a detailed example of a corporate executive using each of these frameworks.

2. Discuss Schaefer’s position on shareholders and social responsibility. Do you agree? Why or why not?

3. Discuss three factors that Maffei identified as elements the court will use in determining whether to pierce the corporate veil.

4. Identify and discuss two major laws that are enforced by the Department of Labor.

5. Define and discuss three disadvantages of sole proprietorship, according to the Missouri Bar Center.

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