Discuss the dangers of failing to consider the validity of a research study.

Discuss the dangers of failing to consider the validity of a research study.

Validity in Quantitative Research Designs

Validity in Quantitative Research Designs Validity in research refers to the extent researchers can be confident that the cause and effect they identify in their research are in fact causal relationships. If there is low validity in a study, it usually means that the research design is flawed and the results will be of little or no value. Four different aspects of validity should be considered when reviewing a research design: statistical conclusion validity, internal validity, construct validity, and external validity. In this Discussion, you consider the importance of each of these aspects in judging the validity of quantitative research. To prepare: Review the information in Chapter 10 of the course text on rigor and validity. Read the method section of one of the following quasi-experimental studies (also located in this week’s Learning Resources). Identify at least one potential concern that could be raised about the study’s internal validity. Metheny, N. A., Davis-Jackson, J., & Stewart, B. J. (2010). Effectiveness of an aspiration risk-reduction protocol. Nursing Research, 59(1), 18–25. Padula, C. A., Hughes, C., & Baumhover, L. (2009). Impact of a nurse-driven mobility protocol on functional decline in hospitalized older adults. Journal of Nursing Care Quality, 24(4), 325–331. Yuan, S., Chou, M., Hwu, L., Chang, Y., Hsu, W., & Kuo, H. (2009). An intervention program to promote health-related physical fitness in nurses. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 18(10), 1,404–1,411. Consider strategies that could be used to strengthen the study’s internal validity and how this would impact the three other types of validity. Think about the consequences of an advanced practice nurse neglecting to consider the validity of a research study when reviewing the research for potential use in developing an evidence-based practice. By Day 3 Post the title of the study that you selected and your analysis of the potential concerns that could be raised about the study’s internal validity. Propose recommendations to strengthen the internal validity and assess the effect your changes could have with regard to the other three types of validity. Discuss the dangers of failing to consider the validity of a research study. Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses. By Day 6 Respond to at least two of your colleagues in one or more of the following ways: Ask a probing question, substantiated with additional background information, and evidence. Share an insight from having read your colleagues’ postings, synthesizing the information to provide new perspectives. Offer and support an alternative perspective using readings from the classroom or from your own review of the literature in the Walden Library. Validate an idea with your own experience and additional sources. Make a suggestion based on additional evidence drawn from readings or after synthesizing multiple postings. Expand on your colleagues’ postings by providing additional insights or contrasting perspectives based on readings and evidence.


 

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How does quality in health care setting differ from quality and expectations of consumers in non-health care settings such as restaurants, clothing stores, automobile purchases, etc

Health Care Quality DB 5
At this point, you should be able to, at a scholarly level, be able to respond to these questions based on learning and materials from this course since it began. Therefore, no reference is required. However, evidence of understanding quality in health care must be evident in your answers. Respond thoughtfully to the following questions:

1. How does quality in health care setting differ from quality and expectations of consumers in non-health care settings such as restaurants, clothing stores, automobile purchases, etc.

2. How is the long term care setting unique from other health care settings (such as acute care or physician practices) when it comes to the populations it serves and when measuring, evaluating and continuously improving quality?

3. What will you require and expect in your own health care settings/services to believe that a facility/provider and their services are of high quality? What are your expectations?

To receive full credit you must:

A. Provide a meaningful, thoughtful and scholarly initial post that is supported by fact/evidence and not just opinion.

B. No reference is required.

C. Proofread and correct any grammar or spelling errors.

 
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Describe at least two examples of how EBP scholarship is demonstrated

Essay – Scholarship of Evidence-based Practice

Describe at least two examples of how EBP scholarship is demonstrated either by you personally or by someone in your practice environment. Include in your example descriptions, which type of scholarship the example represents.

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Recall from your lesson that the types of scholarship include (a) discovery, (b) teaching or (c) application and integration. Which type of scholarship do you think that your DNP project will be? Why do you think so?

Further, projects can be categorized into (a) quality improvements, (b) implementing practice guidelines, (c) evaluating practice processes and policy, or (d) examining patterns of behavior.

Essay – Scholarship of Evidence-based Practice

Thinking about these categories of scholarship and project type, how would you describe your potential project? Essay – Scholarship of Evidence-based Practice

 
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In a 4-5 page reflection paper, assess your nursing career through “appreciative inquiry”

In a 4-5 page reflection paper, assess your nursing career through “appreciative inquiry”

Question descriptionIn a 4-5 page reflection paper, assess your nursing career through “appreciative inquiry” (Billings & Kowalski, 2008).

  • Drawing on your own life stories and experiences, what does a nursing career mean to you?
  • How does your nursing practice parallel the ANA (2015) Code of Ethics? List 4 specific examples from the Code of Ethics.
  • What motivates you to remain in the nursing profession? Give an example through a personal story and what you learned that motivates you as a registered nurse.
  • Develop 3 short-term and 3 long-term goals that emphasize your unique strengths.
  • How will a BSN degree impact your short-term and long-term career goals?
  • Be creative and talk about your personal journey as a nurse. Include a personal nursing philosophy in the reflection.

Remember to follow APA 6th edition format and include a title page, running head, page numbers and a reference page, as well as in-text reference citations. The page limit is content and does not include the title page and reference page.

 
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What are the steps of the practice-based evidence (PBE) process related to this case study?

Question description
Read the Chapter 4 Pressure Ulcer case study in your textbook and answer the discussion questions. Your paper should be two to three pages in length, excluding the title and reference pages, and formatted according to APA guidelines as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center. In addition to the textbook, utilize a minimum of two scholarly sources to support your points.
Case Study Discussion Questions:

  • What are the steps of the practice-based evidence (PBE) process related to this case study?
  • As the informatics specialist working with the clinical team in the four long-term care facilities, identify the following:
    • elements to incorporate into the documentation by Certified Nursing Assistants (CNAs) and managers that address factors identified in the original study
    • Clinical Decision Support (CDS) tools that could be incorporated into computer systems
  • How can the cost effectiveness of the new documentation requirements and standards of care be efficiently evaluated?

Important nurses of the 19th century are often overshadowed by Nightingale’s prominence. Select one 19th-century nurse other than Nightingale and describe this person’s contributions to the profession. Although some duplication is expected, please try to select a nurse who has not already been presented by a classmate This discussion is great fun – as you know, when we think of nursing history…Florence is often the one and only name that comes to mind. Let’s look into those who have made significant contributions – Mary Mahoney, Walt Whitman, and even Calamity Jane have a place in our professional history.
 

 
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Pfizer’s Drug-Testing Strategy in Nigeria

Pfizer’s Drug-Testing Strategy in Nigeria

The drug development process is long, risky, and expensive. It can take 10 years and cost in excess of $500 million to develop a new drug. Moreover, between 80 and 90 percent of drug candidates fail in clinical trials. Pharmaceutical companies rely upon a handful of successes to pay for their failures. Among the most successful of the world?s pharmaceutical companies is New York?

based Pfizer. Given the risks and costs of developing a new drug, pharmaceutical companies will jump at opportunities to reduce them, and Pfizer thought it saw one.

Pfizer had been developing a novel antibiotic, Trovan, that was proving to be useful in treating a wide range of bacterial infections. Wall Street analysts were predicting that Trovan could be a blockbuster, one of a handful of drugs capable of generating sales of more than $1 billion a year. In 1996, Pfizer was pushing to submit data on Trovan?s efficacy to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for review. A favorable review would allow Pfizer to sell the drug in the United States, the world?s largest market. Pfizer wanted the drug to be approved for both adults and children, but it was having trouble finding sufficient numbers of sick children in the United States to test the drug on. Then a researcher at Pfizer read about an emerging epidemic of bacterial meningitis in Kano, Nigeria. This seemed like a quick way to test the drug on a large number of sick children.

Within weeks a team of six doctors had flown to Kano and were administering the drug, in oral form, to children with meningitis. Desperate for help, Nigerian authorities gave the go-ahead for Pfizer to give the drug to children (the epidemic would ultimately kill nearly 16,000 people).

Over the next few weeks, Pfizer treated 198 children. The protocol called for half the patients to get Trovan and half to get a comparison antibiotic already approved for the treatment of children. After a few weeks, the Pfizer team left, the experiment complete. Trovan seemed to be about as effective and safe as the already approved antibiotic.

The data from the trial were put into a package with data from other trials of Trovan and delivered to the FDA.

Questions were soon raised about the nature of Pfizer?s experiment. Allegations charged that the Pfizer team kept children on Trovan, even after they failed to show a response to the drug, instead of switching them quickly to another drug. The result, according to critics, was that some children died who might have been saved had they been taken off Trovan sooner. Questions were also raised about the safety of the oral formulation of Trovan, which some doctors feared might lead to arthritis in children. Fifteen children who took Trovan showed signs of joint pain during the experiment, three times the rate of children taking the other antibiotic. Then there were questions about consent. The FDA requires that patient (or parent) consent be given before patients are enrolled in clinical trials, no matter where in the world the trials are conducted. Critics argue that in the rush to get the trial established in Nigeria, Pfizer did not follow proper procedures, and that many parents of the infected children did not know their children were participating in a trial for an experimental drug. Many of the parents were illiterate, could not read the consent forms, and had to rely upon the questionable translation of the Nigerian nursing staff. Pfizer rejected these charges and contends that it did nothing wrong.

The FDA approved Trovan for use in adults in 1997, but it has not approved the drug for use in children. Trovan was launched in 1998, and by 1999 there were reports that up to 140 patients in Europe had suffered liver damage after taking Trovan. The FDA subsequently restricted the use of Trovan to those cases where the benefits of treatment outweighed the risk of liver damage. European regulators banned sales of the drug. 29 ?What are the different phases that a Drug Company goes through in order to bring a new drug product to market in the U.S. and Europe?

?Did Pfizer behave unethically by rushing to take advantage of an epidemic in Nigeria to test experimental drugs on children?

?Should it have been less opportunistic and proceeded more carefully?

?Were corners cut with regard to patient consent in the rush to establish a trial?

?Did doctors keep patients on Trovan too long when they should have switched them to another medication?

?Is it ethical to test experimental drugs on children in a crisis setting in the developing world where the overall standard of health care is so much lower than in the developed world and proper protocols might not be followed?


 

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Endocrine System: Selected Pathophysiology & Pharmacologic Therapy Discussion Questions Essay

Endocrine System: Selected Pathophysiology & Pharmacologic Therapy Discussion Questions Essay

Discussion Question 1

Share a case study from your clinical practice or from the literature on an endocrine disorder. Discuss the pathophysiology of the disorder, including the effects on the endocrine feedback system, and the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. Identify the pharmacologic agent(s) used to treat the disorder and how the pharmacologic agent(s) alters the pathophysiology?

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References

  1. Pharmacology for Nursing Care

Lehne, R. A. (2015). Pharmacology for nursing care (9th ed.). St. Louis: Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN-13: 9780323321907. Endocrine System: Selected Pathophysiology & Pharmacologic Therapy Discussion Questions Essay.

  1. Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children

McCance, K. L., Huether, S. E., Brashers, V.L., and Rote, N. S. (2013). Pathophysiology: The biologic basis for disease in adults and children (7th ed.). St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. ISBN-13: 9780323088541

Discussion Question 2

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is currently being used as an aid to weight loss in conjunction with an extremely restricted caloric intake of 500 calories per day. Many people are buying the HCG through the Internet with no medical surveillance. Research the HCG diet and share your thoughts on the efficacy, safety, and validity of the diet. What strategies would you use to educate patients on the diet? Endocrine System: Selected Pathophysiology & Pharmacologic Therapy Discussion Questions Essay

 
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Pain assessment and Richmond Agitation – Sedation Scale (RASS) documentation, health & medical homework help

Pain assessment and Richmond Agitation – Sedation Scale (RASS) documentation, health & medical homework help


Question descriptionAPA FORMAT and STRONG ACADEMIC WRITING PREFFRED (Total pages Limited to 4 pages excluding Cover page and reference)

Pain assessment RASS documentation (Running head)

Pain assessment and Richmond Agitation – Sedation Scale (RASS) documentation on patients using patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA).( title of project)

Goal

Pain is the most common symptom experienced by patients with cancer. Mostly seen in patients followed by stem cell transplant patients using High dose chemotherapy. Untreated or undertreated pain impairs physical and psychological health, functional status, and quality of life. The purpose of this project is to identify the personal pain goal (PPG), Promote optimal pain management through assessment, control pain by using Patient Controlled Analgesics (PCA), and improve RAAS documentation by staff education. The expected outcome of the project is to increase patient safety, increase staff knowledge and compliance on pain assessment and RASS documentation on patients using PCA. Improve patient satisfaction and HCHAP score, and maintain compliance with the JCAHO standards.

Aim:

Increase staff compliance on pain assessment and RASS documentation by 90% on patients using PCA, in stem cell unit SW POD by December 2017.

Methodology (Develop following findings)

1

Why: Noncompliance on RASS documentation on patients on PCA.

What: Pain assessment and RASS (Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale) documentation.

WhereStem Cell Transplant Unit G-18 SW pod.

When: project is done in a 6 month period, will be completed by December 2017.( Project 1 and 2 together.)

Who: Clinical nurses. (Nurses who care for patients with pain, using PCA)

Costs: ?

And how: Random chart audit is done. Total 34 charts audited in almost two-month period for

Different patients using PCA. Most of the nurses working in day and night shift were audited.

Total no. of nurse audited 34. Out of 34 nurses, 25 nurses did not document RASS, Please make a chart.

2

Applicable change theory or other nursing or quality theory (at least one).

(These are the two-theory provided by the school)

3.

Role of the CNL in the project. Is it appropriate for the CNL and what CNL roles fit in the project?

4. Literature review, very brief, from attached 8 references (previous literature review -ATTACHED)

5.The student’s anticipated outcome(s) – 25%

6. The Capstone Committee members – 5%

Capstone committee members

1. Dr. Patricia Davis DNP, RN-BC, MS, NEA-BC, CNL. (Major Professor)

2. Joylynmae Estrella MSN, RN, CNL (Clinical co coordinator)

3. Clem Banglorioso MSN, RN, CNL (Preceptor)

4. Alice Thomas BSN, RN, CPN. (CNL student)

5. Lourine Davis BSN, RN, OCN (Associate Director SCT Unit G-18)

6. Anita Aickareth BSN, RN, BMTCN (Nurse Educator)

7. Victoria Showunmi RN, BSN, MSN, CCM (Case Manager)

8. Ancy Mathew BSN, RN (Clinical Nurse in SCT Unit- G-18).

7. Initial References (in APA format) – 15%

Rubric

Structure and Design of the Capstone Proposal and Project

The design of the proposal and project depends upon the topic and methods for measurement. The

project and proposal will use evidence from the literature and a quality framework to organize the

presentation. A nursing theory and/or change theory should be applied within the project. The role of

the CNL is to be considered in both the proposal and the project

Proposal Minimum Requirements The written (Word) and verbal proposal (PowerPoint) will share the

following information headers presented using APA format to the degree possible. The grading rubric is

indicated for each area of the proposal as a % of 100 points:

1. Cover page (APA format) – 5%

2. The title and topic to be addressed – 10%

3. The goals of the project to be undertaken – 10%

4. The methodology (processes) to be utilized – 30% – Why, what, where, when,

who, costs, and how? – Applicable change theory or other nursing or quality

theory (at least one). – Literature Search is described briefly. Library orientation

is a requirement in the first CNL Roles course. If students need a refresher they

can request help from the UTMB library at any time. – Role of the CNL in the

project. Is it appropriate for the CNL and what CNL roles fit in the project?

5. The student’s anticipated outcome(s) – 25%

6. The Capstone Committee members – 5%

7. Initial References (in APA format) – 15%

Length – Not to exceed 4 Word processed pages, not including title page or references.

 
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Describe professional development and other opportunities the professional organization would provide to you as a member.

 
Select one of the following options to complete this assignment:
· health information specialist
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper that summarizes certifications and continuing education that would be appropriate for a professional role in a hospital or other applicable health care setting.
· Identify a professional organization that would provide professional development opportunities for the role you selected.
· Describe professional development and other opportunities the professional organization would provide to you as a member.
· Explain the importance of being a member in a professional organization.
· Include the link to this organization.
Cite 2 peer-reviewed, scholarly, or similar references to support your assignment.
Format your assignment according to APA guidelines.
Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.
Materials
· Certifications and Continuing Education in Your Professional Role Grading Criteria
I just need to response to this assignment,
responses should be complete paragraph  and should further the conversation using personal experience, information from the textbook or other outside sources, asking questions, and more.  Think about how your classmates answered differently or similarly to you. What did you learn from their post?  What was most surprising or interesting?  What do you agree with or disagree with? Your responses might spark some comments and feedback for one another.
 
Cocaine
1. Behavioral effects: The behavioral effects to using cocaine are hyperverbal, energetic, and alertness (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2017). Sometimes people will even be hypersensitive to sigh, touch, and sound when under the influence of cocaine (NIH, 2017). Just like most drugs, and everyone has a slightly different experience.
2. Physiological effects: The physiological effects of cocaine use are dilated pupils, elevated body temperature, and rapid heart rate (NIH, 2017). Larger amounts of cocaine use can also increase the high. When the high is increased other physical behaviors can happen. Some of these behaviors are restlessness, irritability, anxiety, and paranoia (NIH, 2017).
3. Acute health effects: Acute health effects of cocaine are irregular heart rhythm, stomach pains, and strokes (NIH, 2017).
4. Chronic health effects:Chronic health effects of cocaine are organ damage, or even cause organ failure. Some effects are restricted blood flow in the gastrointestinal tract, ulcers, weight loss, and even malnourishment (NIH, 2017). Cocaine  can even cause cardiac issues such as inflammation of the heart muscle and aortic ruptures (NIH, 2017).
5. Combining with other drugs: Yes when you combine cocaine with other drugs is bad. There are many risk of combining drugs. One example is heroin and cocaine. Cocaine wants to use more oxygen, and the heroin causes the respiratory rate slow down (The dangers of mixing drugs).
6. What surprised me:It really surprises me that drugs are still a massive issue in the world for recreational uses. I find it interesting how some people get very addicted, some people use everyone once in a while, and how some people don’t ever touch them. Working in the medical field really opened my eyes to many different drugs. I understand how different drugs work, and what they do to the body. On a medical standpoint drugs are very interesting and amazing, but when used for personal use they do some horrific things to you.
7llLegalization of all drugs:I think that legalization of all drugs should be done. I think if we legalized all drugs that there would be a better regulations. Legalization might help get a log of the terrible mixed street drugs out, and possibly prevent some people from having massive medical issues. I understand that no matter what, drugs will still be readily available on the streets, but maybe with drugs being regulated people could get help in a better, and control the substance abuse.
8. Decriminalization of all drugs: I think decriminalization of all drugs might be a good idea for possession of small quantities of drugs. I like this idea, because I feel like our prison are very impacted, and that true criminals are not going to prison. Just because these people go to jail for possession of drugs, do not mean they stop them once they our out. I also like the idea that treatment is an options as well.
Thanks,

 
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Disaster Management and Strategies of the American Red Cross

Disaster Management and Strategies of the American Red Cross
Description and Purpose of Project:
I will identify the important things that Red Cross will use it before and after disasters. The purpose is giving a big picture about how Red Cross mange with disasters and how they design appropriate strategies.
Objectives (Expected results, use measurable indicators or quantify if possible):
1- Some information about disaster management and strategies
2- Role of Humanitarian Aid Worker
3- Role of Medical Facilities
4- after disaster
5- Conclusion
Methods (Describe how you intend to accomplish/complete project):
1- Abstract
2- Introduction about this project
3- Literature review
4- Identify (Role of Humanitarian Aid Worker)
5- Identify (Role of Medical Facilities)
6- Identify (after disaster)
7- Conclusion

It should be including: Abstract, Introduction and Summary, Literature Review. 10 pages, APA format.

 
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