All assessment details have been recorded in the word document. 

How can I write about the first four chapters of the book ” not in my nieghborhood”

Week 2: Process Management: Processes, Threads, Interprocess Communication – iLab

Lab 2 of 7: Process Management Simulation (50 Points)

 

L A B   A C C E S S

 

Accessing Your Lab

To access your labs after you’ve logged in, apply the following steps:

• Click the Professional Development tab located on the top of the page.
• Select “Development Paths”.
  You will see the course that you are taking listed on this page.
• Click the course to see the labs.

Starting Your Lab

There are two ways to start a lab activity:

• Schedule It. (Recommended)
  Because you have access to live equipment, there is only a defined number of students who can use any one lab at any given time. It is recommended to schedule your labs to make sure the lab is available to you at your convenience. If you try to log into a lab and the access is denied, the system will let you schedule the lab at a later date.
• Start it right away.

 

L A B  O V E R V I E W

 

Scenario/Summary

Process Management Simulation (Part 2 of 3)

The objective of this three section lab is to simulate four process management functions: process creation, replacing the current process image with a new process image, process state transition, process scheduling.

This lab will be due over the first three weeks of this course. The commander process program is due in week 1. This program will introduce the student to system calls and other basic operating system functions. The process manager functions: process creation, replacing the current process image with a new process image and process state transition, are due in week 2. The scheduling section of the process manager is due in week 3.

You will use Linux system calls such as fork( ), exec(), wait( ), pipe( ), and sleep( ). Read man pages of these system calls for details.

This simulation exercise consists of three processes running on a Linux environment: commander, process manager, and reporter. There is one commander process (this is the process that starts your simulation), one process manager process that is created by the commander process, and a number of reporter processes that get created by the process manager, as needed.

1. Commander Process:

The commander process first creates a pipe and then the process manager process. It then repeatedly reads commands from the standard input and passes them to the process manager process via the pipe. The commander process accepts four commands:

1. Q: End of one unit of time.
2. U: Unblock the first simulated process in blocked queue.
3. P: Print the current state of the system.
4. T: Print the average turnaround time, and terminate the system.

Command T can only be executed once.

1.1 Simulated Process:

Process management simulation manages the execution of simulated processes. Each simulated process is comprised of a program that manipulates the value of a single integer variable. Thus the state of a simulated process at any instant is comprised of the value of its integer variable and the value of its program counter.

A simulated process™ program consists of a sequence of instructions. There are seven types of instructions as follows:

1. S n: Set the value of the integer variable to n, where n is an integer.
2. A n: Add n to the value of the integer variable, where n is an integer.
3. D n: Subtract n from the value of the integer variable, where n is an integer.
4. B: Block this simulated process.
5. E: Terminate this simulated process.
6. F n: Create a new simulated process. The new (simulated) process is an exact copy of the parent (simulated) process. The new (simulated) process executes from the instruction immediately after this (F) instruction, while the parent (simulated) process continues its execution n instructions after the next instruction.
7. R filename: Replace the program of the simulated process with the program in the file filename, and set program counter to the first instruction of this new program.

An example of a program for a simulated process is as follows:

S 1000
A 19
A 20
D 53
A 55
F 1
R file_a
F 1
R file_b
F 1
R file_c
F 1
R file_d
F 1
R file_e
E

You may store the program of a simulated process in an array, with one array entry for each instruction.

2. Process Manager Process:

The process manager process simulates four process management functions: creation of new (simulated) processes, replacing the current process image of a simulated process with a new process image, management of process state transitions, and process scheduling. In addition, it spawns a reporter process whenever it needs to print out the state of the system.

The process manager creates the first simulated process (process id = 0) program from an input file (filename: init). This is the only simulated process created by the process manager on its own. All other simulated processes are created in response to the execution of the F instruction (read from the simulated processes).

2.1 Data structures:

The process manager maintains six data structures: Time, Cpu, PcbTable, ReadyState, BlockedState, and RunningState.

1. Time is an integer variable initialized to zero.
2. Cpu is used to simulate the execution of a simulated process that is in running state. It should include data members to store a pointer to the program array, current program counter value, integer value, and time slice of that simulated process. In addition, it should store the number of time units used so far in the current time slice.
3. PcbTable is an array with one entry for every simulated process that hasn’t finished its execution yet. Each entry should include data members to store process id, parent process id, a pointer to program counter value (initially 0), integer value, priority, state, start time, and CPU time used so far.
4. ReadyState stores all simulated processes (PcbTable indices) that are ready to run. This can be implemented using a queue or priority queue data structure.
5. BlockedState stores all processes (PcbTable indices) that are currently blocked. This can be implemented using a queue data structure.
6. RunningState stores the PcbTable index of the currently running simulated process.

2.2 Processing input commands:

After creating the first process and initializing all its data structures, the process manager repeatedly receives and processes one command at a time from the commander process (read via the pipe). On receiving a Q command, the process manager executes the next instruction of the currently running simulated process, increments program counter value (except for F or R instructions), increments Time, and then performs scheduling. Note that scheduling may involve performing context switching.

On receiving a U command, the process manager moves the first simulated process in the blocked queue to the ready state queue array. On receiving a P command, the process manager spawns a new reporter process. On receiving a T command, the process manager first spawns a reporter process and then terminates after termination of the reporter process. The process manager ensures that no more than one reporter process is running at any moment.

2.3 Executing simulated processes:

The process manager executes the next instruction of the currently running simulated process on receiving a Q command from the commander process. Note that this execution is completely confined to the Cpu data structure, i.e. PcbTable is not accessed.

Instructions S, A and D update the integer value stored in Cpu. Instruction B moves the currently running simulated process to the blocked state and moves a process from the ready state to the running state. This will result in a context switch. Instruction E terminates the currently running simulated process, frees up all memory (e.g. program array) associated with that process and updates the PcbTable. A simulated process from the ready state is moved to running state. This also results in a context switch.

Instruction F results in the creation of a new simulated process. A new entry is created in the PcbTable for this new simulated process. A new (unique) process id is assigned and the parent process id is process id of the parent simulated process. Start time is set to the current Time value and CPU time used so far is set to 0. The program array and integer value of the new simulated process are a copy of the program array and integer value of the parent simulated process. The new simulated process has the same priority as the parent simulated process. The program counter value of the new simulated process is set to the instruction immediately after the F instruction, while the program counter value of the of the parent simulated process is set to n instructions after the next instruction (instruction immediately after F). The new simulated process is created in the ready state.

Finally, the R instruction results in replacing the process image of the currently running simulated process. Its program array is overwritten by the code in file filename, program counter value is set to 0, and integer value is undefined. Note that all these changes are made only in the Cpu data structure. Process id, parent process id, start time, CPU time used so far, state, and priority remain unchanged.

2.4 Scheduling

The process manager also implements a scheduling policy. You may experiment with a scheduling policy of multiple queues with priority classes. In this policy, the first simulated process (created by the process manager) starts with priority 0 (highest priority). There are a maximum of four priority classes. Time slice (quantum size) for priority class 0 is 1 unit of time; time slice for priority class 1 is 2 units of time; time slice for priority class 2 is 4 units of time; and time slice for priority class 3 is 8 units of time. If a running process uses its time slice completely, it is preempted and its priority is lowered. If a running process blocks before its allocated quantum expires, its priority is raised.

3. Reporter Process

The reporter process prints the current state of the system on the standard output and then terminates. The output from the reporter process appears as follows:

****************************************************************
The current system state is as follows:
****************************************************************\

CURRENT TIME: time

RUNNING PROCESS:
pid, ppid, priority, value, start time, CPU time used so far

BLOCKED PROCESSES:

Queue of blocked processes:

pid, ppid, priority, value, start time, CPU time used so far

¦

pid, ppid, priority, value, start time, CPU time used so far

PROCESSES READY TO EXECUTE:

Queue of processes with priority 0:

pid, ppid, value, start time, CPU time used so far

pid, ppid, value, start time, CPU time used so far

¦

¦

Queue of processes with priority 3:

pid, ppid, value, start time, CPU time used so far

pid, ppid, value, start time, CPU time used so far

****************************************************************

Deliverables

You will submit to the dropbox, for week 2, three separate files:

1. C or C++ program (source code)
2. Executable file (object), and
3. Instructions to execute the program

L A B  S T E P S

 

Process Manager (50 points)

The program for the process manager functions: process creation, replacing the current process image with a new process image and process state transition, are due this week. This program is to be written in C or C++ programming languages on a Linux environment.

IMPORTANT: Please make sure that any question or clarification about these labs are addressed early.

2. Process Manager Process:

The process manager process simulates four process management functions: creation of new (simulated) processes, replacing the current process image of a simulated process with a new process image, management of process state transitions, and process scheduling. In addition, it spawns a reporter process whenever it needs to print out the state of the system.

The process manager creates the first simulated process (process id = 0) program from an input file (filename: init). This is the only simulated process created by the process manager on its own. All other simulated processes are created in response to the execution of the F instruction (read from the simulated processes).

2.1 Data structures:

The process manager maintains six data structures: Time, Cpu, PcbTable, ReadyState, BlockedState, and RunningState.

1. Time is an integer variable initialized to zero.
2. Cpu is used to simulate the execution of a simulated process that is in running state. It should include data members to store a pointer to the program array, current program counter value, integer value, and time slice of that simulated process. In addition, it should store the number of time units used so far in the current time slice.
3. PcbTable is an array with one entry for every simulated process that hasn’t finished its execution yet. Each entry should include data members to store process id, parent process id, a pointer to program counter value (initially 0), integer value, priority, state, start time, and CPU time used so far.
4. ReadyState stores all simulated processes (PcbTable indices) that are ready to run. This can be implemented using a queue or priority queue data structure.
5. BlockedState stores all processes (PcbTable indices) that are currently blocked. This can be implemented using a queue data structure.
6. RunningState stores the PcbTable index of the currently running simulated process.

2.2 Processing input commands:

After creating the first process and initializing all its data structures, the process manager repeatedly receives and processes one command at a time from the commander process (read via the pipe). On receiving a Q command, the process manager executes the next instruction of the currently running simulated process, increments program counter value (except for F or R instructions), increments Time, and then performs scheduling. Note that scheduling may involve performing context switching.

On receiving a U command, the process manager moves the first simulated process in the blocked queue to the ready state queue array. On receiving a P command, the process manager spawns a new reporter process. On receiving a T command, the process manager first spawns a reporter process and then terminates after termination of the reporter process. The process manager ensures that no more than one reporter process is running at any moment.

2.3 Executing simulated processes:

The process manager executes the next instruction of the currently running simulated process on receiving a Q command from the commander process. Note that this execution is completely confined to the Cpu data structure, i.e. PcbTable is not accessed.

Instructions S, A and D update the integer value stored in Cpu. Instruction B moves the currently running simulated process to the blocked state and moves a process from the ready state to the running state. This will result in a context switch. Instruction E terminates the currently running simulated process, frees up all memory (e.g. program array) associated with that process and updates the PcbTable. A simulated process from the ready state is moved to running state. This also results in a context switch.

Instruction F results in the creation of a new simulated process. A new entry is created in the PcbTable for this new simulated process. A new (unique) process id is assigned and the parent process id is process id of the parent simulated process. Start time is set to the current Time value and CPU time used so far is set to 0. The program array and integer value of the new simulated process are a copy of the program array and integer value of the parent simulated process. The new simulated process has the same priority as the parent simulated process. The program counter value of the new simulated process is set to the instruction immediately after the F instruction, while the program counter value of the of the parent simulated process is set to n instructions after the next instruction (instruction immediately after F). The new simulated process is created in the ready state.

Finally, the R instruction results in replacing the process image of the currently running simulated process. Its program array is overwritten by the code in file filename, program counter value is set to 0, and integer value is undefined. Note that all these changes are made only in the Cpu data structure. Process id, parent process id, start time, CPU time used so far, state, and priority remain unchanged.

Additional Information for the Process Manager:

1.1 Simulated Process:

Process management simulation manages the execution of simulated processes. Each simulated process is comprised of a program that manipulates the value of a single integer variable. Thus the state of a simulated process at any instant is comprised of the value of its integer variable and the value of its program counter.

A simulated process™ program consists of a sequence of instructions. There are seven types of instructions as follows:

1. S n: Set the value of the integer variable to n, where n is an integer.
2. A n: Add n to the value of the integer variable, where n is an integer.
3. D n: Subtract n from the value of the integer variable, where n is an integer.
4. B: Block this simulated process.
5. E: Terminate this simulated process.
6. F n: Create a new simulated process. The new (simulated) process is an exact copy of the parent (simulated) process. The new (simulated) process executes from the instruction immediately after this (F) instruction, while the parent (simulated) process continues its execution n instructions after the next instruction.
7. R filename: Replace the program of the simulated process with the program in the file filename, and set program counter to the first instruction of this new program.

An example of a program for a simulated process is as follows:

S 1000
A 19
A 20
D 53
A 55
F 1
R file_a
F 1
R file_b
F 1
R file_c
F 1
R file_d
F 1
R file_e
E

You may store the program of a simulated process in an array, with one array entry for each instruction. .

 

 

**this weeks lessons objectives:

Discuss global stratification and explain social class and the impact of stratification in the United States.

Describe sex and gender, race and ethnicity, and the elderly in the United States as well as how inequality, prejudice, and discrimination impacts certain groups of people in society

Develop written communication skills and critical thinking skills.

Apply American Psychological Association formatting and citation style when completing course assignments

 

QUESTION 1) 

The Week 4 Instructor Question meets the following course objectives:

Apply a sociological perspective to the social world

Analyze contemporary social issues using the sociological imagination and use sociological theories and concepts to analyze everyday life.

 

 

 

Initial forum postings should be a minimum of 250 words. Each student must also respond to a minimum of 1 fellow students’ postings; each response must be at least 100 words in length.

 

 

 

Will there ever be complete equality between males and females in the United States? Should there be? What would constitute complete equality? Do you think the women’s movement is stronger or weaker today than it was in the 1970s? In what ways? In challenging gender stratification, do you think that feminists sometimes over-exaggerate the problem of sexual inequality in the United States? If so, how? The text offers a few explanations for the origins of patriarchy while ignoring religion. Given that Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are all patriarchal religions, do you think that the feminist movement is an attack against religion? Finally, what is a feminist? Are you a feminist? If so, why? If not, why? Be sure to use examples from the text in your discussion. 

 

QUESTION 2)

The Week 4 WSMP meets the following course objectives:

Apply a sociological perspective to the social world

Analyze contemporary social issues using the sociological imagination and use sociological theories and concepts to analyze everyday life.

Demonstrate the ability to identify, locate, and retrieve information related to the topics in the course.

Develop written communication skills and critical thinking skills.

Apply American Psychological Association formatting and citation style when completing course assignments.

 

Weekly Supplemental Material Post

 

1) Find and post 1 piece of supplemental material (i.e. website, article, book, video, etc – NOT wikipedia) relevant to this week’s readings (see below for more detail).

 

Supplemental Material post must include: 

1) a link or attachment for the supplemental material,

2) an APA formatted citation for the source of the material,

3) a brief description of the material, and

4) a discussion about why it is relevant to the week’s assigned reading – include at least 1 sociological concept (this should include identifying, defining (using the text) and then applying the sociological concept)

 

Initial forum postings should be a minimum of 150 words. 

 

A complete a review of the attached case study that includes the following information:

 

· A description of the research

 

· An analysis of the criteria and methods used to effectively lead change

 

· A discussion on characteristics and personal traits that are important in managing change

 

The review must be a minimum of 500 words in length, not counting cover and reference pages.

 

Use APA style when writing your review and cite any direct quotes or paraphrases from the article.

 

Must be plagiarism free.